Muva nje, iphepha lezimpendulo lamaphakathi nonyaka lokuthuthukiswa okuhlanganyelwe kwe-Hengqin phakathi kwe-Zhuhai ne-Macao laliqhubeka kancane kancane. Enye yezintambo ezibonakalayo eziwela umngcele yakhanga ukunaka. Idlule ku-Zhuhai ne-Macao ukuze ibone ukuxhunywa kwamandla ekhompuyutha kanye nokwabelana ngezisetshenziswa ukusuka e-Macao kuya e-Hengqin, futhi kwakhiwe isiteshi solwazi. I-Shanghai iphinde ikhuthaze iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa kanye nenguquko yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana ye- "optical into copper back" ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezinga eliphezulu kanye nezinsiza zokuxhumana ezingcono kubahlali.
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi, isidingo sabasebenzisi sokugcwala kwe-inthanethi sikhula usuku nosuku, indlela yokuthuthukisa amandla okuxhumana nge-fiber optical sekuyinkinga ephuthumayo okufanele ixazululwe.
Selokhu kwavela ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana ngefiber optical, buye baletha izinguquko ezinkulu emkhakheni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nomphakathi. Njengokusetshenziswa okubalulekile kobuchwepheshe be-laser, ubuchwepheshe be-laser bolwazi obumelwe ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-fiber optical bakhe uhlaka lwenethiwekhi yesimanje yokuxhumana futhi baba yingxenye ebalulekile yokudlulisa ulwazi. I-Optical fibre communication technology ingamandla okuphatha abalulekile ezwe lamanje le-inthanethi, futhi ingenye yobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo benkathi yolwazi.
Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obusafufusa obufana ne-inthanethi Yezinto, idatha enkulu, into engekho ngokoqobo, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), ukuxhumana kweselula yesizukulwane sesihlanu (5G) nobunye ubuchwepheshe, izimfuno eziphakeme zibekwa ekushintshanisweni nasekudlulisweni kolwazi. Ngokwemininingwane yocwaningo ekhishwe yiCisco ngo-2019, ukugcwala kwe-IP yonyaka kuzonyuka kusuka ku-1.5ZB (1ZB=1021B) ngo-2017 kuye ku-4.8ZB ngo-2022, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka lama-26%. Njengoba ibhekene nokukhula kwethrafikhi ephezulu, ukuxhumana nge-fiber optical, njengengxenye ewumgogodla wenethiwekhi yokuxhumana, ingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yokuthuthukisa. Isivinini esikhulu, amasistimu wokuxhumana we-fiber optical kanye namanethiwekhi azoba yisiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile kobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-fiber optical.
Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa kanye Nesimo Socwaningo se-Optical Fiber Communication Technology
I-laser yokuqala ye-ruby yasungulwa ngo-1960, ngemva kokutholakala kokuthi ama-lasers asebenza kanjani ngu-Arthur Showlow noCharles Townes ngo-1958. Khona-ke, ngo-1970, i-AlGaAs semiconductor laser yokuqala ekwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ekamelweni lokushisa yathuthukiswa ngempumelelo, futhi ngo-1977, i-laser semiconductor yaqashelwa ukuthi isebenze ngokuqhubekayo amashumi ezinkulungwane zamahora endaweni engokoqobo.
Kuze kube manje, ama-laser anezidingongqangi zokuxhumana kwe-fiber optical fibre. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokusungulwa kwe-laser, abasunguli babona ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani esibalulekile emkhakheni wezokuxhumana. Kodwa-ke, kuneziphambeko ezimbili ezisobala kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-laser: enye iwukuthi inani elikhulu lamandla lizolahleka ngenxa yokuhlukana kwe-laser beam; okunye ukuthi kuthintwa kakhulu indawo yohlelo lokusebenza, njengokuthi ukusetshenziswa endaweni yomoya kuzoba ngaphansi kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezimo zezulu . Ngakho-ke, ekuxhumaneni kwe-laser, i-waveguide optical efanelekile ibaluleke kakhulu.
I-optical fiber esetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okuhlongozwe uDkt. Kao Kung, owine uMklomelo KaNobel ku-physics, ihlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-laser zamagagasi. Uhlongoze ukuthi iRayleigh ehlakazekayo yokulahleka kwengilazi ye-fiber optical ingaba phansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-20 dB/km), futhi ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ku-fiber optical ikakhulukazi kuvela ekumunceni ukukhanya ngokungcola kwezinto zengilazi, ngakho ukuhlanzwa kwezinto kuyisihluthulelo. ekwehliseni ukulahleka kwefiber optical Key, futhi waveza ukuthi ukudluliswa kwemodi eyodwa kubalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumana.
Ngo-1970, i-Corning Glass Company yakha i-quartz-based multimode optical fiber ngokulahleka okungaba ngu-20dB/km ngokwesiphakamiso sikaDkt. Ngemuva kocwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa, ukulahlekelwa kwe-quartz-based optical fibers kufinyelele umkhawulo wetiyori. Kuze kube manje, izimo zokuxhumana nge-fiber optical ziye zaneliseka ngokugcwele.
Izinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-fiber zakuqala zonke zamukela indlela yokutholwa okuqondile. Lena indlela elula yokuxhumana yefiber optical. I-PD ingumtshina womthetho oyisikwele, futhi ubukhulu besiginali yokubona kuphela okungatholwa. Le ndlela yokuthola ngokuqondile iye yaqhubeka kusukela esizukulwaneni sokuqala sobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-fiber optical ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1990.
Ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-spectrum ngaphakathi komkhawulokudonsa, sidinga ukuqala ezicini ezimbili: eyokuqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze sifinyelele umkhawulo we-Shannon, kodwa ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kwe-spectrum kukhuphule izidingo zesilinganiso sokuxhumana-kumsindo, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ibanga lokudlulisela; enye iwukusebenzisa ngokugcwele isigaba, Amandla okuphatha ulwazi lwesimo se-polarization asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa, okuwuhlelo lwesibili lwesizukulwane sokuxhumana oluhambisanayo lwe-optical communication.
Uhlelo lwesizukulwane sesibili oluhambisanayo lokuxhumana lwe-optical lusebenzisa i-optical mixer ukuze kutholwe i-intradyne, futhi lusebenzisa i-polarization diversity reception, okungukuthi, ekugcineni kokwamukela, ukukhanya kwesignali nokukhanya kwe-oscillator yendawo kuchithwa kube imisebe yokukhanya emibili lapho izifunda ze-polarization ziyi-orthogonal. komunye nomunye. Ngale ndlela, ukwamukela okungenazwelo kwe-polarization kungafinyelelwa. Ukwengeza, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, ukulandelela imvamisa, ukubuyiselwa kwesigaba senkampani yenethiwekhi, ukulinganisa, ukuvumelanisa, ukulandelela i-polarization kanye ne-demultiplexing ekugcineni kokwamukela kungaqedwa ngobuchwepheshe be-digital signal processing (DSP), okwenza kube lula kakhulu i-hardware. idizayini yomamukeli , kanye nekhono lokutholwa kwesignali elithuthukisiwe.
Ezinye Izinselele Nokucatshangelwa Okubhekene Nokuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokuxhumana Nge-Optical Fiber
Ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, imibuthano yezemfundo kanye nemboni ngokuyisisekelo ifinyelele umkhawulo wokusebenza kahle kwe-spectral yohlelo lokuxhumana lwe-fiber optical. Ukuze uqhubeke nokwandisa umthamo wokudlulisa, kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngokukhuphula umkhawulokudonsa wesistimu B (umthamo okhulayo ngokulinganayo) noma ukwandisa isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-kumsindo. Ingxoxo ethize imi kanje.
1. Isixazululo sokwandisa amandla okudlulisa
Njengoba umphumela ongaqondile obangelwa ukudluliswa kwamandla aphezulu ungancishiswa ngokukhulisa kahle indawo ephumelelayo ye-fiber cross-section, kuyisixazululo sokwandisa amandla okusebenzisa i-fiber yemodi embalwa esikhundleni se-fiber yemodi eyodwa yokudlulisela. Ukwengeza, isixazululo samanje esivame kakhulu emiphumeleni engaqondile ukusebenzisa i-algorithm ye-digital backpropagation (DBP), kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwe-algorithm kuzoholela ekwenyukeni kobunzima bokubala. Muva nje, ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe bokufunda komshini esinxephezelweni esingaqondile lubonise ithemba elihle lesicelo, okunciphisa kakhulu inkimbinkimbi ye-algorithm, ngakho-ke ukuklanywa kwesistimu ye-DBP kungasizwa ngokufunda komshini esikhathini esizayo.
2. Khulisa i-bandwidth ye-optical amplifier
Ukwandisa umkhawulokudonsa kunganqamula umkhawulo webanga lemvamisa le-EDFA. Ngokungeziwe ku-C-band ne-L-band, i-S-band ingaphinda ifakwe ebangeni lesicelo, futhi i-SOA noma i-Raman amplifier ingasetshenziselwa ukukhulisa. Kodwa-ke, i-fiber optical ekhona inokulahlekelwa okukhulu kuma-frequency bands ngaphandle kwe-S-band, futhi kuyadingeka ukuklama uhlobo olusha lwe-fiber optical ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokudlulisela. Kodwa kuwo wonke amabhendi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa i-optical obutholakala ngokuthengiswa buyinselelo.
3. Ucwaningo ngokulahleka okuphansi kokulahleka kwe-fiber optical
Ucwaningo ngefayibha yokulahleka kokudluliselwa okuphansi ingenye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhakha. I-Hollow core fiber (HCF) inethuba lokulahlekelwa ukudluliselwa okuphansi, okuzonciphisa ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi sokudluliswa kwefayibha futhi kungaqeda inkinga engaqondile yefayibha ngezinga elikhulu.
4. Ucwaningo ngobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwe-space
Ubuchwepheshe be-Space-division multiplexing yisisombululo esisebenzayo sokwandisa umthamo we-fiber eyodwa. Ngokuqondile, i-multi-core optical fiber isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa, futhi umthamo wefayibha eyodwa uphindwe kabili. Inkinga eyinhloko kulokhu ukuthi ikhona yini i-amplifier ebonakalayo esebenza kahle kakhulu. , ngaphandle kwalokho ingalingana kuphela nemicu ye-optical ye-single-core; kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-mode-division multiplexing okuhlanganisa imodi yomugqa we-polarization, i-OAM beam esekelwe ebunyeni besigaba kanye ne-cylindrical vector beam esekelwe ebunyeni be-polarization, ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bungaba i-Beam multiplexing buhlinzeka ngezinga elisha lenkululeko futhi buthuthukise umthamo wezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezibonakalayo. Inamathemba abanzi okusebenza kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-fiber optical, kodwa ucwaningo lwamaamplifiers optical ahlobene nalo luyinselelo. Ukwengeza, indlela yokulinganisa inkimbinkimbi yesistimu ebangelwa ukubambezeleka kweqembu lemodi ehlukile kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa okukhipha okuningi okuphumayo kwedijithali nakho kufanele ukunakwa.
Amathemba Okuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Bezokuxhumana Nge-Optical Fiber
Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-Optical fibre sebuthuthukile kusukela ekudluliselweni kwesivinini esiphansi kwasekuqaleni kuya ekudluliselweni kwamanje kwesivinini esikhulu, futhi sebube obunye bobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obusekela umphakathi wolwazi, futhi sebukhe isiyalo esikhulu kanye nenkundla yezenhlalo. Ngokuzayo, njengoba isidingo somphakathi sokudluliswa kolwazi siqhubeka nokwanda, izinhlelo zokuxhumana nge-fiber optical kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi kuzothuthukela kumthamo omkhulu kakhulu, ubuhlakani, kanye nokuhlanganiswa. Nakuba bethuthukisa ukusebenza kokudlulisela, bazoqhubeka nokunciphisa izindleko futhi basebenzele ukuphila kwabantu futhi basize izwe lakhe ulwazi. umphakathi udlala indima ebalulekile. I-CeiTa ibambisene nenani lezinhlangano zezinhlekelele zemvelo, ezingabikezela izexwayiso zokuphepha zesifunda njengokuzamazama komhlaba, izikhukhula, nama-tsunami. Idinga kuphela ukuxhunywa ku-ONU ye-CeiTa. Lapho kwenzeka inhlekelele yemvelo, isikhungo sokuzamazama komhlaba sizokhipha isixwayiso kusenesikhathi. Itheminali ngaphansi Kwezaziso Ze-ONU izovumelaniswa.
(1) Inethiwekhi yokubona ehlakaniphile
Uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lokuxhumana okungenantambo, isistimu yokuxhumana ye-optical kanye nenethiwekhi ye-intelligence optical network isesesigabeni sokuqala mayelana nokucushwa kwenethiwekhi, ukugcinwa kwenethiwekhi kanye nokuxilongwa kwephutha, futhi izinga lobuhlakani alanele. Ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wefayibha eyodwa, ukwenzeka kwanoma yikuphi ukwehluleka kwefayibha kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu emnothweni nasemphakathini. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha kwemingcele yenethiwekhi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile esizayo. Izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo ezidinga ukunakwa kulesi sici esikhathini esizayo zihlanganisa: isistimu yokuqapha ipharamitha yesistimu esekelwe kubuchwepheshe obuvumelanayo obulula nokufunda komshini, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha inani elibonakalayo elisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesignali okuhambisanayo kanye nokuboniswa kwesizinda sesikhathi esibucayi sesigaba.
(2) Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe nohlelo
Inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlanganiswa kwedivayisi ukunciphisa izindleko. Kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nge-fiber optical, ukudluliswa kwamasignali kwebanga elifushane ngesivinini esiphezulu kungenziwa ngokuvuselelwa kwesignali okuqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkinga zokubuyiselwa kwesimo sesigaba kanye ne-polarization, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ezihambisanayo kusenzima uma kuqhathaniswa. Ukwengeza, uma uhlelo olukhulu oluhlanganisiwe lwe-optical-electrical-optical lungenziwa, umthamo wesistimu nawo uzothuthukiswa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezici ezinjengokusebenza kahle kobuchwepheshe obuphansi, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okuphezulu, nobunzima ekuhlanganiseni, akunakwenzeka ukukhuthaza kabanzi amasiginali we-optical 2R (ukukhulisa kabusha, ukubunjwa kabusha), i-3R (ukukhulisa kabusha , ukuhlela kabusha isikhathi, nokubunjwa kabusha) emkhakheni wezokuxhumana obonakalayo. ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula. Ngakho-ke, mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa kanye nezinhlelo, izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo zesikhathi esizayo zimi kanje: Nakuba ucwaningo olukhona mayelana nezinhlelo zokuphindaphinda kwe-space division lucebile, izingxenye ezibalulekile zezinhlelo zokuphindaphinda kokuhlukaniswa komkhathi azikafinyeleli impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe ezifundweni nasembonini, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe. Ucwaningo, olunjengama-laser ahlanganisiwe nama-modulators, izamukeli ezididiyelwe ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili, ama-amplifiers optical ahlanganisiwe asebenza kahle kakhulu, njll.; izinhlobo ezintsha zemicu yokubona zingase zandise ngokuphawulekayo umkhawulokudonsa wesistimu, kodwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe lusadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusebenza kwawo okuphelele kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza kungafinyelela eyodwa ekhona Izinga le-fiber yemodi; funda amadivaysi ahlukahlukene angasetshenziswa nefayibha entsha kusixhumanisi sokuxhumana.
(3) Imishini yokuxhumana yamehlo
Kumadivayisi okuxhumana okukhanya, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi we-silicon photonic kuzuze imiphumela yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, ucwaningo oluhlobene lwasekhaya lusekelwe ikakhulukazi kumishini yokwenziwa, futhi ucwaningo lwamadivayisi asebenzayo alunamandla uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngokuphathelene namadivayisi okuxhumana okukhanya, izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo zesikhathi esizayo zihlanganisa: ucwaningo lokuhlanganisa lwamadivayisi asebenzayo kanye namadivayisi we-silicon optical; ucwaningo ngobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwamadivayisi optical angeyona i-silicon, njengocwaningo lobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ze-III-V nama-substrates; ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwedivayisi entsha. Landela, njenge-lithium niobate optical waveguide ehlanganisiwe enezinzuzo zejubane eliphezulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-03-2023
